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or download here Verb tenses In the modern Slavic languages the verb is inflected to show present and past tenses. In the early history of the individual languages, however, a distinction was made between two past tenses, the aorist and the imperfect (the aorist denotes the occurrence of an action without reference to its completion, repetition, or duration; the imperfect is a verb tense designating a continuing state or an uncompleted action, especially in the past); this distinction is still preserved in modern South Slavic (with the exception of Slovene). Slavic has almost no traces of the Indo-European old perfect tense but, from combinations of a participle (verb + suffix l + masculine, feminine, or neuter endings) and forms of to be,' created new perfect (and pluperfect) tenses. Thus, from *dati to give' there is a form *dal jesmW I have given' for a male speaker, *dala jesmW for a female. Later these perfect forms came to be used as past tense forms in different Slavic languages. Slavic verbs usually come in pairs, one of which expresses the perfective (completed) and the other the imperfective (uncompleted) aspects of the same verbe.g., Russian dat' to give' (i.e., to complete the process of giving'), davat' to be in the process of giving.' The present tense form of a perfective verb may be used to express future meaning in East and West Slavic. Imperfective verbs need an auxiliary to make their future tense. South Slavic future tenses use an auxiliary (mostly from want') in both aspects. The eastern South Slavic languages, Bulgarian and Macedonian, have lost the infinitive form of the verb through the influence of non-Slavic Balkan languages, and they have developed verb forms to differentiate between an action witnessed by the speaker and one not witnessed (hence only reported). Syntax A striking feature of Slavic syntax is the widespread use of possessive adjectives (e.g., Russian Bo'ja milost' divine mercy') instead of the genitive case of the noun (milost' Boga the mercy of God'). Word order in the Slavic languages is characterized by a gradual shift of the verb from the beginning to the middle of the sentence (subjectverbobject). Other important features of Slavic syntax are related to this medial positioning of the verb and the consequent occurrence of the verb before the object. For example, modifiers and prepositions are usually placed before nouns; today they follow nouns only in some set phrases like Church Slavonic Boga radi for God's sake,' with radi for the sake of' following the noun Boga God.' Originally the verb occupied the initial position, which throws light on the origin of the reflexive verbal forms; these may be traced to the Proto-Slavic combination of the verb with a reflexive pronoun that occurred immediately after the verb and was pronounced as one accentual unit with the verb. The rules for the shift of the stress in syntactic combinations with enclitics (an enclitic isa word treated in pronunciation as part of the preceding word) were identical for verbs and nouns. Depending on the accentuation of the verb or noun, the stress could be shifted either to the enclitic (as in Bulgarian esen-s last autumn') or to the proclitic, or preceding unstressed word (as u in Serbo-Croatian u`` jesAn in the autumn').
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Verb tenses In the modern Slavic languages the verb is inflected to show present and past tenses. In the early history of the individual languages, however, a distinction was made between two past tenses, the aorist and the imperfect (the aorist denotes the occurrence of an action without reference to its completion, repetition, or duration; the imperfect is a verb tense designating a continuing state or an uncompleted action, especially in the past); this distinction is still preserved in modern South Slavic (with the exception of Slovene). Slavic has almost no traces of the Indo-European old perfect tense but, from combinations of a participle (verb + suffix l + masculine, feminine, or neuter endings) and forms of to be,' created new perfect (and pluperfect) tenses. Thus, from *dati to give' there is a form *dal jesmW I have given' for a male speaker, *dala jesmW for a female. Later these perfect forms came to be used as past tense forms in different Slavic languages. Slavic verbs usually come in pairs, one of which expresses the perfective (completed) and the other the imperfective (uncompleted) aspects of the same verbe.g., Russian dat' to give' (i.e., to complete the process of giving'), davat' to be in the process of giving.' The present tense form of a perfective verb may be used to express future meaning in East and West Slavic. Imperfective verbs need an auxiliary to make their future tense. South Slavic future tenses use an auxiliary (mostly from want') in both aspects. The eastern South Slavic languages, Bulgarian and Macedonian, have lost the infinitive form of the verb through the influence of non-Slavic Balkan languages, and they have developed verb forms to differentiate between an action witnessed by the speaker and one not witnessed (hence only reported). Syntax A striking feature of Slavic syntax is the widespread use of possessive adjectives (e.g., Russian Bo'ja milost' divine mercy') instead of the genitive case of the noun (milost' Boga the mercy of God'). Word order in the Slavic languages is characterized by a gradual shift of the verb from the beginning to the middle of the sentence (subjectverbobject). Other important features of Slavic syntax are related to this medial positioning of the verb and the consequent occurrence of the verb before the object. For example, modifiers and prepositions are usually placed before nouns; today they follow nouns only in some set phrases like Church Slavonic Boga radi for God's sake,' with radi for the sake of' following the noun Boga God.' Originally the verb occupied the initial position, which throws light on the origin of the reflexive verbal forms; these may be traced to the Proto-Slavic combination of the verb with a reflexive pronoun that occurred immediately after the verb and was pronounced as one accentual unit with the verb. The rules for the shift of the stress in syntactic combinations with enclitics (an enclitic isa word treated in pronunciation as part of the preceding word) were identical for verbs and nouns. Depending on the accentuation of the verb or noun, the stress could be shifted either to the enclitic (as in Bulgarian esen-s last autumn') or to the proclitic, or preceding unstressed word (as u in Serbo-Croatian u`` jesAn in the autumn').
