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Internet Protocols

Information Page

This Document contains the following sections:

Background on: Internet / Information Highway

Elements of the Internet / Information Highway

Internet / Information Highway Implementation Concerns

Internet & World Wide Web

Index of Other Pages and Supplemental Materials on: Internet / Information Highway

Background on:

Internet / Information Highway

A ubiquitous mass communication technology is one that is readily accessible by major sectors of society such that the widespread use of the technology changes the way individuals interact with each other. Previous such technologies include the printing press, telephone/telegraph, and radio/television. It is arguable that the Internet is the newest ubiquitous mass communication technology.

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a voluntary, cooperative, world wide decentralized association of networked computers using a common networking protocol (TCP/IP). There are several services offered that may be used to facilitate communication. Some of the more significant services include:

Telnet - Remote Login service

FTP (File Transport Protocol) to transfer files between client and server computers

HTTP (Hypertext Transport Protocol) to transfer files from server computers to client computers using the additional protocols and languages that make up what is known as the World Wide Web

SMTP and POP & IMAP protocols used to transport E-Mail across the Internet.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) used to help manage both networks and, as the transport mechanism of the Desktop Management Interface, desktop computers.

UUTP (Unix to Unix Transport Protocol) used to transport Newsgroup messages

RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol)

PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

From a standard setting standpoint there are several primary organizations that coordinate the activities of what is called the Internet:

Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) the organization that the US Department of Commerce is proposing to coordinate Internet activities on a world wide basis.

The Internet Society (ISOC) coordinates the use of numerous Internet protocol parameters.

The Internet protocol suite, as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and its steering group (the IESG), contains definitions of numerous parameters, such as internet addresses, domain names, protocol numbers, port numbers, and many others.

From an operational standpoint, Network Service Providers (NSP) operate national and international networks that route TCP/IP packets of data form point to point. These NSPs comprise what is commonly referred to as the Internet Backbone, the components of which include:

Communication Channels that connect networks, typically provided by Long Distance Carriers (telephone)

Routers and Switches that provide for the exchange of TCP/IP packets between networks. National Access Points (NAP) provide for the exchange of packets between networks operated by the Network Service Providers. Regional Exchange Points (REP) that provides a mechanism for Internet Service Providers and other REPs to interconnect to at least one NSP.

Network Information Centres (NIC) are national/geographic cooperatives that coordinate the issuing of Domain Names and IP addresses. While there is not a single entity that someone can point to and say 'this is the Internet,' an organization called InterNIC is the closest to a coordinating organization in the United States.

In 1981 there were 213 individual computers registered on what became the Internet. By 1994, there were over 25,000 separate computer networks interconnecting more than 2.2 million host computers. By July 1996 there were 12.9 million host computers connected to the Internet. There are estimates that over 30 million people worldwide have e-mail access to the Internet. The growth of the Internet is close to 10% each month. (For those interested in a technical understanding of how the Internet works, there is a technical discussion describing the Structure of the Internet Industry .)

The Internet is by definition a public access communication / information highway. When the technology that created the Internet is used in a private corporate communication network, the resulting structure may be called either Intranet or Extranet, depending on the focus of communication (internal or external, respectively).

Internet Communications

Both the Internet and the telephone system use dedicated telephone lines to connect users. However, there is a difference in the way these communication lines (or channels) operate. Today, telephones generally use circuit switching in which wires two and from a switch are dedicated to specific users. When a communication channel is not being used by its end user, its unused capacity is not available to others. This circuit switching technology is what is used by the public telephone's analog based Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS).

The Internet uses packet switching in which circuits are available for general use and information is broken down into small packets address to individual computers connected to the network. Connected to the network are many computers, each computer acting as a relay station switch (or router) passing on information packets addressed to other computers. The receiving computer reassembles the packets into a completed package of information.

An advantage of packet switching is that is a single connecting circuit fails, a routing computer can select alternate routes to send the packetised message.

In 1997 most home based Internet users used the POTS to connect their personal computer to an Internet Service Provider, which consolidates several analog circuit-switched signal to a single packet switched connection to an Internet backbone.

Elements of the
Internet / Information Highway

The Internet is a loose association of interconnected networks. There are at least two factors that allow these dispirit networks to interconnect. First, all networks connected to the Internet use the same packet switching protocol called Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Second, there exists a series of Access Points on an international, national, and regional basis that are points where networks exchange packets.

Official Internet Organizations

While, there is not one organization that one can look to for managing the Internet, there are several groups that provide an organized means for deriving rules, architectural principles, standards and protocols that allow these networks to communicate. Examples of such groups are the Internet Society, Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Research Task Force , the Internet Assigned Number Authority, the Federal Networking Council, and Network Information Centres.

InterNIC is the organization that manages registrations on the Internet. A policy statement concerning the allocation of domain names is available.

The basic Internet Applications include:

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) E-mail for exchanging text messages both between individuals and between individuals and bulletin board systems

HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) World Wide Web a client/server based protocol designed to facilitate the dissemination of hypermedia documents (text that is not designed to be read in linear form, sounds, images, and videos) using the HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) to define the format of the end-user presentation of information.

Telnet to allow for user Login to remote computer systems; the creation of virtual terminals

FTP for exchanging files (software, spreadsheet, video, etc.)

UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy) for exchanging UseNet public bulletin board files

Client / Server Tools used by the Internet

Internet Middleware

Component Object Module (COM) which uses OLE and ActiveX Controls

Common Object Request Broker Architecture CORBA Java Controls

Internet / Information Highway
Implementation Concerns

Levels of Internet Connection

There are four main levels of Internet access. Each type of access requires different types of equipment, has different costs, and provides different services.

Using TCP/IP's Point to Point Protocol in over a POTS Dial-up line to an Internet Service Provider

Registered Internet Node using dedicated lines

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